Elements with comparatively low boiling points, such as chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur, are much more common on Mars than Earth these elements were probably pushed outward by the young Sun's energetic solar wind. ![]() Mars has many distinctive chemical features caused by its position in the Solar System. Scientists have theorized that during the Solar System's formation, Mars was created as the result of a random process of run-away accretion of material from the protoplanetary disk that orbited the Sun. Mars currently is an attractive target for the first interplanetary human mission. Since late 20th century, Mars has been explored by several uncrewed spacecraft, with the first flyby by Mariner 4 probe in 1965, first Mars orbiter by the Mars 2 probe in 1971, and the first landing by the Viking 1 lander in 1976 as of 2023, there are at least 11 active Martian probes. Mars was also an attractive target to be viewed with a telescope due to its high-contrast albedo features. Therefore, the planet has been recognized from the ancient times and exerted significant cultural influence in English the name "Mars" originated from the Roman god of war. Mars can be viewed from Earth with the naked eye and is among the brightest objects in Earth's sky. It is not known whether life has ever existed on Mars. The Amazonian period, which continues to today, is marked by comparatively lower geological activity. The Hesperian period from 3.7 to around 3.2 to 2 billion years ago has a widespread volcanic activity and flooding that carved immense outflow channels. According to current theory about Mars's geological history, during the Noachian period from about 4.1 to 3.7 billion years ago, there is a high rate of impacts, erosion, valley formation, basin formation, volcanic activity, and a possible presence of water oceans. In the past, Mars was hypothesized to be wetter and thus possibly more habitable to life. The planet also host the largest volcano and highest-known mountain ( Olympus Mons) and one of the largest canyons in the Solar System ( Valles Marineris). The current surface of Mars is fairly active with dust devils sweeping the landscape and marsquake, a Martian analog to earthquakes. The internal structure of Mars is thought to be composed of an outer silicon, oxygen and iron-rich crust, a silicate mantle, and an iron- nickel- sulfur solid core. The surface temperature of Mars depending on the time and location ranges from −110 ☌ (−166 ☏) to 35 ☌ (95 ☏). It takes about 1.88 Earth years for Mars to complete one orbit around the Sun. Mars has two irregularly shaped natural satellites, Phobos and Deimos.ĭays and seasons on Mars are comparable to those of Earth, as Mars have a similar rotation period of 24.5 hours and a substantial axial tilt. ![]() The planet has a dynamic thin atmosphere made mostly of carbon dioxide. Mars has water ice caps at its poles and shows a drastic contrast between the two hemispheres: Mars northern hemisphere (dominated by the North Polar Basin) is on average flatter and smoother than the southern hemisphere. It has the second smallest mean diameter among planets in the Solar System. The red color covering Mars's surface is from finely grained iron(III) oxide dust in the soil, which give rise to its nickname, "the Red Planet". Mars is the fourth planet and the furthest terrestrial planet from the Sun.
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